I recently gave a presentation on this topic to my business networking group, and I wanted to take a few minutes to expand on these issues. I think they're important for everyone - not just small businesses - but, as I consult for a living, these are the kind of problems that I find most prevalent in my line of work. 

I really have no sympathy for business owners or users that fail to attend to these details - ultimately, they are the victims of their own behaviors and inattention to managing the IT problem. After all, it's their job to manage these problems and experts like me can help if they're willing, but, you can't force somebody to do the right thing; they've got to want it for themselves and put in the work. They've got to make it a priority. Still, who I am concerned about are the victims of their inattention (their employees, their customers) whose personal private information is made more vulnerable because of their lack of leadership in these areas.

1. Poor Authentication. 

• The organization doesn't place an emphasis on using complex passwords on websites, computers, tablets, phones, or other devices;
• Users in the organization are allowed to generate their own non-complex password, where the user could use a password from their own personal experience, exposing the company;
• Passwords are used on many services and devices, and aren't unique;
• The organization doesn't enable features like 2-factor authentication that could help better secure their digital assets;
• Simply, the organization or individual doesn't take authentication seriously even though most of their digital assets are on mobile devices or available in the Cloud and not protected behind their own firewall. It's an inexcusable lack of attention to a basic problem; they make their authentication mechanism as convenient as possible rather than as secure as possible, and that's why they get hacked. 

2. No Audits, Testing, Quarterly Maintenance.

• The organization never audits its assets and controls; it wrongly believes that threats never change and that what it did yesterday protects them from tomorrow;
• Confidence in our safeguards and controls is a process; it's not a set-it-once and walk away issue - we must constantly be looking at our vulnerability and implementing corrective action;
• If we never audit, test, or maintain our systems, we assume nothing is wrong; it's precisely that assumption and laziness that can be exploited by hackers.

3. No Encryption.

• Today, with encryption technology so pervasive and available on nearly every microcomputer, application, and (soon) phone, there's no excuse whatsoever not to encrypt everything.

4. Reliance on Role-Based User Accounts.

• For their convenience, organizations will create accounts in their information system that reflect roles rather than people (example: accounting, invoices, payables, contracts, etc);
• These accounts exist because the users feel it's easier to always have these functions login rather than people, and when people leave the organization, the matter created under the role remains;
• One problem with this approach is that the account's credentials never change - as lending to the convenience aspect - thus exposing the company after an employee leaves the firm, but the most significant problem lies in the realm of audits; how can you audit anything in an information system when all it reports is "accounting did this", or, "accounting did that" - we don't know the who behind it, and anyone who knows that account's password is suspect?
• Role-based account setups is a cheat: it harms the company because there's no system that allows us to prove who did what, when, and how, and it creates a lazy habit for managing user attrition; every user should be uniquely identified at all times.

5. Using Physical Mail.

• Companies who rely on physical mail to be delivered to an unsecure mailbox invite trouble and fraud - from internal aggressors like employees, or, from external aggressors;
• Just like consumers, small businesses can be the victim of identity theft, and organizations should do everything in their power to automate payment systems as to reduce all physical mail to what it truly is (junk).

6. No Testing or Verification of Backups.

• The company presumes their backup processes are working, or, presumes that they have adequate coverage for their recovery objectives (alas, many companies don't even understand what kind of recovery time-frame or data they would need to perform a recovery in the event of a disaster);
• Instead of making these assumptions, the astute manager would define what kinds of data and system would need to be operable under the auspices of a Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP); defining needs and verifying that systems are in place to meet those needs is just part of good management.

7. No Understanding of Legal Obligations.

• I'm often shocked at what little understanding business owners have concerning classified forms of information, and their obligations in managing it;
• There are state and federal laws governing these issues - and the obligation for reporting breach - yet often the small business owner is entirely oblivious;
• Not only does that threaten the business in the context of negligence and liability, but it's a failure of a social obligation that the business has to safeguard data, which is why there have been laws created to protect it;
• Ignoring the law or shrugging off their legal obligation because they don't understand something is useless ("ignorance of the law is not a legal defense"), and sentiments like "government intrusion" attempts to dismiss their responsibility; again, I go back to the real victims: the people who do business with them, and, their employees. 

8. No Filtering.

• Filtration is a defensive tactic to prevent all things from being delivered or seen by users;
• Basic filtering of email traffic can help reduce spam, phishing, and virus attacks, yet many small businesses are still using standard POP3 or IMAP mail clients without server-side filtering on mail delivery;
• Meanwhile, web traffic can be easily filtered with free services like OpenDNS, workstation security software, or, commercial services offered by vendors like Sonicwall;
• No filtering just lets everything in to trusted spaces - rather, proactively, we should select for what we want our organization to see. That's just good management.

9. Leave Laptop/Phone/Tablet Unattended.

• Aside from not securing these devices with encryption or pass-phrases, users will leave these objects in their car, or, sitting on a table in a restaurant, or with a co-worker, or they leave it sitting at an airport;
• This inattention stems from the problem of perceived value - some of the biggest, most scary data breaches come from unencrypted laptops being left at an airport, and there just happened to be 10,000 records of payroll data on it; what was the user thinking? Why put that data on an unencrypted, unsecure device anyway? What would happen if that device or USB stick was lost?
• And the answer is that they weren't thinking of anything other than their convenience and not the real consequences of their actions. Employees should be trained about the value of information, and the costs associated with its potential loss or destruction.

10. No Policies, Procedures, or Work Instructions (No Plan). 

• Finally, organizations that don't create Administrative Controls (like policies, procedures, or work instructions) governing these issues plan to fail at managing them; management never gave voice to their intention; management never trained its employees on their intention; management never clarified its intention;
• The legal concept of Due Care obligates managers to understand and to respond to the risks under which their organization operates; if they never investigate those risks and develop, audit, and maintain controls, or communicate their expectations to staff, that's not management at all. It's negligence.

R